Wednesday, October 22, 2014

Cara Jual Beli Saham ( Effect Trading)


Bursa Efek merupakan sebuah pasar yang terorganisasi dimana para pialang melakukan transaksi jual beli saham / surat berharga dengan berbagai perangkat aturan yang ditetapkan di Bursa Efek tersebut. Lalu, bagaimana caranya berbisnis saham atau berinvestasi di Bursa Efek?
Informasi lebih detil mengenai saham bisa anda baca di artikel-artikel berikut:
Apabila kita ambil contoh,‭ ‬Bursa Efek ibaratnya seperti PD Pasar Jaya yaitu selaku pengelola pasar dimana kios-kiosnya disewakan kepada pedagang.‭ ‬Pedagang disini adalah broker atau perusahaan efek.‭ ‬Sementara pembelinya disebut investor atau pemodal.
Jadi pembeli tidak berhubungan dengan PD Pasar Jaya,‭ ‬melainkan berhubungan langsung dengan pedagang.‭ ‬Yang behubungan langsung dengan PD Pasar Jaya adalah para pedagang yang menempati kios tersebut.
Pada dasarnya,‭ ‬jika Anda ingin bertransaksi / berbisnis saham baik melakukan pembelian maupun penjualan saham,‭ ‬maka Anda harus berhubungan dengan perusahaan sekuritas atau biasa disebut broker atau perusahaan pialang yang menjadi anggota bursa.‭
Perusahaan efek ini memiliki wakilnya di Bursa Efek yang biasa disebut pialang.‭ ‬Pialang saham tersebutlah yang akan melakukan transaksi atas dasar order atau amanat yang Anda berikan baik untuk jual maupun untuk beli.‭ ‬Pialang tersebut dapat juga memberikan anjuran atau berbagai nasihat lainnya sehubungan dengan rencana investasi Anda.‭ ‬Atas jasanya itu maka Anda wajib membayar biaya komisi kepada pialang.
Minimal Dana Untuk Berinvestasi
Pada dasarnya tidak ada batasan dana dan jumlahnya untuk jual beli saham.‭ ‬Dalam perdagangan saham,‭ ‬jumlah yang diperjualbelikan adalah dalam satuan perdagangan yang disebut lot.
Di Bursa Efek Indonesia satu lot berarti‭ ‬100‭ ‬saham,‭ ‬itulah batas minimal pembelian saham.‭ ‬Lalu dana yang dibutuhkan untuk bisnis saham menjadi bervariasi karena beragamnya harga saham-saham yang tercatat di Bursa.‭ ‬Misalnya harga saham PT.‭ ‬ABC‭ ‬Rp.‭ ‬1.000,‭ ‬maka dana minimal yang dibutuhkan untuk membeli satu lot saham tersebut menjadi‭ (‬100‭ ‬dikali Rp.‭ ‬1.000‭) ‬sejumlah Rp.‭ ‬100.000.‭ ‬Sebagai ilustrasi lain,‭ ‬Jika saham XYZ harga per sahamnya Rp.‭ ‬2.500‭ ‬maka dan minimal untuk membeli saham tersebut berarti‭ (‬100‭ ‬dikali Rp.‭ ‬2.500‭) ‬sebesar Rp.‭ ‬250.000.
Cara Menjadi Nasabah Perusahaan Efek‭ (‬Pembukaan Rekening Nasabah‭)
Sebelum Anda melakukan jual beli saham,‭ ‬seperti layaknya membuka rekening di bank maka terlebih dahulu Anda harus membuka rekening disatu atau beberapa Perusahaan Efek.‭ ‬Dengan pembukaan rekening tersebut maka secara resmi Anda telah tercatat sebagai nasabah dan data identitas Anda tercatat dalam pembukuan Perusahaan Efek seperti Nama,‭ ‬Alamat,‭ ‬Nomor Rekening Bank dan data-data lainnya.‭ ‬Bersamaan dengan pembukaan rekening ini,‭ ‬Anda menandatangani perjanjian dengan Perusahaan Efek yang menyangkut hak dan kewajiban kedua belah pihak.
Biaya jual beli saham
Komponen dari biaya pembelian saham adalah sebagai berikut‭ ‬:
Nilai pembelian saham‭ ‬+‭ ‬komisi pialang‭ saham ‬+‭ ‬PPN‭ ‬10%‭
Komponen dari biaya penjualan saham adalah sebagai berikut‭ ‬:
Nilai penjualan saham‭ ‬+‭ ‬komisi pialang‭ ‬+‭ ‬PPN‭ ‬10%‭ ‬+‭ ‬pajak penghasilan sebesar‭ ‬0,1%.
Untuk pembelian dan penjualan saham,‭ ‬pemodal harus membayar biaya komisi kepada broker / pialang‭ ‬saham yang melaksanakan pesanan.‭ ‬Artinya besarnya biaya komisi dapat dinegosiasikan dengan pialang‭ ‬/‭ ‬broker dimana pemodal berbisnis saham atau melakukan jual-beli saham.‭ ‬Umumnya untuk transaksi beli pemodal dikenakan‭ ‬fee broker sebesar‭ ‬0,3%‭ ‬dari nilai transaksi sedangkan untuk transaksi jual dikenakan‭ ‬0,4%‭ (‬untuk transaksi jual pemodal masih dikenakan pajak penghasilan atas‭ ‬penjualan saham sebesar‭ ‬0,1%‭ ‬dari nilai transaksi‭)‬.
Sebagai ilustrasi,‭ ‬misalnya seorang pemodal melakukan transaksi pembelian atas saham XYZ sebanyak‭ ‬5‭ (‬lima‭) ‬lot dimana harga saham ABC terjadi pada posisi Rp.‭ ‬3.000‭ ‬per saham.
Keterangan Perhitungan Nilai Uang‭ (‬Rp.‭)
Transaksi Beli 5‎ ‏x‭ ‬100‭ ‬saham x Rp.‭ ‬3,000, 1.500.000,-
Komisi untuk Broker
‎(‏0,3%‎ ‏dari nilai transaksi‭)		 0,3%‎ ‏x Rp.‭ ‬1.500.000,- 4.500,-
PPN‭ ‬10%‭ ‬dari komisi 10%‎ ‏x Rp.‭ ‬4.500,- 450,-
Biaya Pembelian Saham
4.950,-
Total biaya yang dikeluarkan
1.504.950,-
Sebagai ilustrasi lain,‭ ‬misalnya seorang pemodal melakukan transaksi penjualan atas saham ABC sebanyak‭ ‬5‭ (‬lima‭) ‬lot dimana harga saham ABC terjadi pada posisi Rp.‭ ‬3.000‭ ‬per saham.
Keterangan Perhitungan Nilai Uang‭ (‬Rp.‭)
Transaksi Beli 5‎ ‏x‭ ‬100‭ ‬saham x Rp.‭ ‬3,000, 1.500.000,-
Komisi untuk Broker
‎(‏0,3%‎ ‏dari nilai transaksi‭)		 0,3%‎ ‏x Rp.‭ ‬1.500.000,- 4.500,-
PPN‭ ‬10%‭ ‬dari komisi 10%‎ ‏x Rp.‭ ‬4.500,- 450,-
PPh atas Transaksi Jual
‎(‏0,1%‎ ‏dari Nilai Transaksi‭)		 0,1%‎ ‏x Rp.‭ ‬1.500.000,- 1,500,-
Biaya Pembelian Saham
6.450,-
Total biaya yang dikeluarkan
1.493.550,-
Proses Jual Beli Saham
Berikut cara berbisnis saham di Bursa Efek.
Pada saat Anda melakukan pembelian saham dimana posisi Anda sebagai Investor Beli dan Anda harus menghubungi Pialang Anda‭ (‬misalnya kantor pialang‭ “‬A‭”) ‬yang kemudian akan meneruskan instruksi Anda tersebut kepada pialang saham lain‭ (‬misalnya kantor pialang‭ “‬B‭”)‬.
Instruksi beli tersebut dimasukan‭ (‬entry‭) ‬ke sistem computer perdagangan otomatis langsung dari kantor pialang ke sistem JATS‭ (‬Jakarta Automated Trading Systems‭)‬.‭ ‬Sistem Komputer tersebut menggunakan sistem tawar menawar‭ ‬sehingga untuk aktivitas beli akan diambil dari harga tertinggi dan sebaliknya untuk aktivitas jual diambil dari harga terendah.
Jika Anda ingin melakukan penjualan saham,‭ ‬maka posisi Anda adalah sebagai Investor Jual.‭ ‬Pada dasarnya proses yang dilakukan sama yaitu Anda harus menghubungi pialang saham Anda dan seterusnya.
Dalam melakukan jual beli saham, jumlah kelipatan atau maksimal penawaran serta permintaan tidak dapat sembarangan. Ada aturan jumlah kelipatan permintaan dan penawaran yang harus diikuti sehingga memiliki keseragaman, aturan tersebut dinamakan fraksi harga saham.
Remote Trading
Remote trading dapat diartikan sebagai sistem Perdagangan Jarak Jauh,‭ ‬dimana setiap order transaksi di kantor broker‭ (‬perusahaan Efek‭) ‬langsung di kirim ke sistem perdagangan Bursa Efek‭ (‬sistem JATS‭)‬,‭ ‬tanpa perlu memasukan order dari Lantai Bursa‭ (‬trading floor‭)
Manfaat Remote Trading Bagi Pemodal
Mengingat teknologi‭ ‬Remote Trading berkaitan erat dengan proses transaksi,‭ ‬maka tentu saja pemodal mendapat beberapa manfaat,‭ ‬antara lain‭ ‬:
  • Proses transaksi menjadi lebih cepat
  • Konfirmasi menjadi lebih cepat
  • Order investor di luar kota dapat lagsung dieksekusi ke sistem perdagangan bursa.‭ ‬Dengan demikian maka keterlibatan investor di luar kota besar diharapkan menjadi meningkat
Proses Penyelesaian Transaksi
Bursa Efek adalah lembaga yang memfasilitasi kegiatan perdagangan,‭ ‬sedangkan penyelesaian transaksi‭ (‬settlement‭) ‬difasilitasi oleh‭ ‬2‭ ‬lembaga lain yaitu Lembaga Kliring dan Penjamin atau disingkat LKP dan Lembaga penyimpanan dan Penyelesaian atau disingkat LPP.
Sebagai gambaran,‭ ‬di BEI setiap hari terjadi puluhan bahkan ratusan ribu transaksi bisnis saham / jual beli saham yang mana selanjutnya dilakukan proses penyelesaian oleh LKP dan LPP.‭ ‬Penyelesaian transaksi saham‭ ‬membutuhkan waktu selama‭ ‬3‭ (‬tiga‭) ‬hari bursa.‭ ‬Istilah penyelesaian tersebut dikenal dengan singkatan T‭ ‬+‭ ‬3.‭ ‬Apa artinya‭ ? ‬T artinya transaksi dan ditambah‭ ‬3‭ ‬hari untuk penyelesaian.‭ ‬Dengan kata lain,‭ ‬seorang investor akan mendapatkan haknya pada hari keempat setelah transaksi terjadi.
Corporate Action
Umumnya pembicaraan mengenai‭ ‬corporate action mengacu kepada aktivitas emiten seperti‭ ‬stock split,‭ ‬Saham Bonus,‭ ‬Right issue,‭ ‬dan pembagian deviden saham.
Menurut peraturan perdagangan BEI,‭ ‬corporate action‭ ‬merupakan tindakan emiten yang memberikan hak kepada seluruh pemegang saham dari jenis dan kelas yang sama seperti hak untuk menghadiri Rapat Umum Pemegang Saham,‭ ‬hak untuk memperoleh deviden tunai,‭ ‬saham deviden,‭ ‬saham bonus,‭ ‬Hak Memesan Efek Terlebih Dahulu,‭ ‬Waran atau hak-hak lainnya.
Keputusan‭ ‬corporate action‭ ‬harus disetujui dalam suatu rapat umum baik RUPS‭ (‬Rapat Umum Pemegang Saham‭) ‬atau RUPSLB‭ (‬Rapat Umum Pemegang Saham Luar Biasa‭)‬.‭ ‬Persetujuan pemegang saham adalah mutlak untuk berlakunya suatu‭ ‬corporate action‭ ‬sesuai dengan peraturan yan ada di pasar modal.
Umumnya‭ corporate action ‬memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap kepentingan pemegang saham,‭ ‬karena‭ ‬corporate action‭ ‬yang dilakukan emiten akan berpengaruh terhadap jumlah saham yang beredar,‭ ‬komposisi kepemilikan saham,‭ ‬jumlah saham yang akan dipegang pemegang saham,‭ ‬serta pengaruhnya terhadap pergerakan saham.‭ ‬Dengan demikian maka pemegang saham harus mencermati dampak atau akibat‭ ‬corporate action ‬tersebut sehingga pemegang saham kan mendapatkan keuntungan dengan melakukan keputusan atau antisipasi yang tepat.
Bagi pemegang saham,‭ ‬jika suatu saham telah masuk kedalam sistem‭ ‬scripless,‭ ‬maka secara otomatis‭ (‬tanpa perlu registrasi‭) ‬saham tersebut akan mendapatkan hak-hak atas‭ ‬corporate action.‭ ‬Terutama saham-saham baru,‭ ‬saat dicatatkan sudah sepenuhnya tanpa warkat‭ (‬scripless‭)‬.‭ 

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Pialang Saham



Apa itu Pialang Saham? Pengertian Pialang Saham adalah seseorang atau firma yang menjadi perantara jual beli saham di bursa saham untuk investornya. Investor adalah seseorang atau badan usaha yang sebagai pemilik modalnya yang menitipkan modalnya kepada pialang saham.

Pialang saham akan melakukan transaksi jual beli saham berdasarkan keputusan investornya, dan biasanya pialang saham akan memberikan acuan rekomendasi kepada investor bahwa saham mana yang akan diperjualbelikan. Banyak yang sukses menjadi pialang saham karena profit, namun juga ada yang tidak sukses.

Bagaimana caranya menjadi pialang saham?
Di Indonesia sudah banyak seseorang/badan usaha yang menjadi pialang saham. Mereka bekerja untuk investornya, dan akan mendapatkan komisi disetiap transaksinya. Apakah tertarik? Sesuatu yang akan diputuskan haruslah difikirkan matang-matang terlebih dahulu. Kita harus belajar banyak jika ingin menjadi pialang saham, kapan dan bagaimana cara memulainya, bagaimana cara kerjanya, apa resikonya dan sebagainya, hal ini tentu dengan berbagai pertimbangan-pertimbangan yang tidak mudah.

Untuk menjadi pialang saham kita harus bekerjasama dengan broker saham/perusahaan sekuritas terlebih dahulu yaitu dengan cara mendaftar di perusahaan sekuritas, kemudian mengisi saldo diperusahaan sekuritas. Saldo minimal adalah tergantung dari perusahaan sekuritasnya, karena setiap perusahaan sekuritas berbeda-beda. Ada yang 5 Juta untuk mahasiswa, ada yang 10 juta untuk umum, namun ada pula perusahaan sekuritas yang menentukan saldo minimal hanya 1 juta dan sebagainya.

Kemudian cara memilih perusahaan sekuritas mana yang terbaik? Semua perusahaan sekuritas adalah baik dengan pelayanan fasilitasnya serta komisi transaksi yang rata-rata komisi untuk setiap pembelian saham antara 0,1-0,3% sedangkan komisi untuk penjualan saham antara 0,2-0,4% namun kita tentunya akan memilih komisi transaksi yang paling rendah bukan. Perusahaan sekuritas milik pemerintah dipercaya bagus oleh para pialang saham. Contoh perusahaan sekuritas milik pemerintah adalah: BNI Sekuritas dan Bank Mandiri Sekuritas. Perusahaan sekuritas biasanya akan memberi rekomendasi serta informasi tentang analisa saham.
Transaksi jual beli saham bisa dilakukan di kantor perusahaan sekuritas atau melalui telepon. Namun jika kita ingin bertransaksi saham melalui internet, pilihlah perusahaan sekuritas yang sudah menyediakan layanan online trading.
Pertama kita download platform/software online tradingnya yang bisa kita dapatkan di website perusahaan sekuritas, kemudian ikuti panduan-panduan dari perusahaan sekuritasnya untuk memandu anda dalam caranya bertransaksi saham. Cek layanan fitur yang terdapat di platform, apakah indikator analisis teknikal lengkap? apakah beritanya update? Kemudian fitur riset saham serta informasi mengenai laporan keuangan perusahaan dan apakah ada fitur trailing stops atau stop loss? Dan  lain sebagainya.
Fitur-fitur diatas adalah fitur yang sangat membantu kita dalam bertransaksi jual beli saham.

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Pengetahuan Dasar Trading Saham bagi Seorang Pemodal Pemula


Sekarang.. marilah kita berbicara tentang isi dari Pengetahuan Dasar Trading Saham bagi Seorang Pemodal Pemula. Pada prinsipnya, apa yang sudah saya sharing semenjak awal bulan Ramadhan yang lalu, sebenarnya sudah sangat mencukupi.  Akan tetapi, saya kemudian memutuskan untuk membuat dua buah tulisan lagi, tentang definisi saya mengenai ‘bagaimana cara memperoleh profit‘ dan ‘apa itu pergerakan harga saham‘ yang tidak lain adalah ‘nyawa’ dari pengetahuan dasar pasar modal bagi pemula. Dari sini, kita bisa mempersiapkan pengetahuan awal bagi seorang pemodal pemula ketika dia pertama kali mencoba untuk memperoleh keuntungan di bursa saham.
1.  Persiapan diri: Mencari Sudut Pandang
Berisikan mengenai pengetahuan tentang definisi-definisi dasar yang diperlukan bagi seorang Pemodal Pemula.  Disini saya mempersiapkan sudut pandang yang sebaiknya diambil oleh seorang pemodal pemula.  Sudut pandang menjadi sangat penting, karena akan menentukan keberhasilan dari trader pemula itu untuk bisa memperoleh profit yang konsisten.  Kegagalan untuk memahami perbedaan antara ‘trading dan investasi’ misalnya, sering kali menjadi penyebab utama dari kegagalan seorang pemodal untuk memperoleh profit.
Bagian ini terdiri dari 10 tulisan:
Bagian ini diawali dari falsafah dasar dari seorang trader, dimana trader harus bisa membedakan diri dari investasi.  Trader tidak bisa melakukan keduanya secara bersamaan karena
2.  Persiapan pengetahuan
Pada dasarnya, seorang trader harus memiliki pengetahuan mengenai analisis harga saham.  Analisis harga saham baik dari sisi nilai (harga) dari perusahaan itu (secara fundamental) maupun analisis pergerakan harga (secara teknikal).  Itu sebabnya, saya memulai bagian ini dengan membahas mengenai sudut pandang saya tentang bagaimana harga bisa bergerak, dengan melihat dari model-model pergerakan harga yang menurut saya perlu dipahami oleh seorang pemodal pemula.  Ini untuk membuat pemodal pemula sadar, bahwa untuk memprediksi, untuk membaca pergerakan harga saham, kita harus mengetahui ‘apa dan siapa yang menggerakkan pasar’.  Sehingga kita bisa memperoleh pola pikir yang benar dalam melihat pergerakan harga.
Setelah itu, baru saya masuk ke bahasan mengenai cara untuk menganalisis, baik secara fundamental atau teknikal. Bagusnya… kalau trader tersebut mau melihat sendiri, menganalisis sendiri kondisi fundamental perseroan.  Tapi, karena (biasanya) trader tidak memiliki waktu untuk belajar yang mendalam tentang fundamental perseroan (hehehe… saya sendiri juga males untuk belajar FA terlalu dalam karena pasti kalah pintar sama analis-analis fundamental yang diluar sono..), maka disini saya mencoba untuk mengajarkan tentang cara ‘read between the line’ atas analisis fundamental yang dibuat oleh orang (konsensus analisis), maupun terhadap variabel-variabel atau event-event fundamental (seperti pengumuman deviden, pengumuman kinerja emiten).
Setelah analisis fundamental, kita masuk ke dalam bahasan tentang analisis teknikal.  Saya memulainya dengan struktur pembelajaran analisis teknikal yang sebaiknya ditempuh oleh seorang pemodal pemula.  Ini karena saya sedikit concern tentang perilaku dari pemodal pemula yang maunya instan. Jangan dipikir bahwa dengan membayar kursus sekali yang berharga mahal, anda lantas bisa memperoleh alat teknikal untuk memenangkan pertarungan.  Meski bukannya tidak mungkin, tapi.. alangkah baiknya jika kita mau mempelajari semua sudut pandang yang ada sebelum kita menentukan sudut pandang yang baik, yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan kita.
Saya percaya, bahwa untuk memenangkan pertarungan, kita harus memiliki pengetahuan mengenai teknik dasar secara ‘paripurna’. Itu yang membuat dalam mempelajari analisis teknikal ini, saya lebih berkutat pada suport, resisten, dan trend, plus bagaimana cara kita melakukan posisi beli atau posisi jual dengan memanfaatkan suport, resisten, dan trend tersebut.  Sisanya nanti bisa anda  pelajari sendiri lah.. baik dari buku-buku analisis teknikal yang ada, maupun pada bagian ‘charting skills’ yang merupakan bagian lain yang ada pada weblog ini.
3.  Membaca market (Regional – Lokal)
Pada dasarnya, anda tidak boleh lupa bahwa basic saya adalah seorang analis pasar. Seorang analis yang kemudian berusaha untuk mengaplikasikan pengetahuannya untuk memperoleh profit.  Itu sebabnya, saya membaca pasar sering kali dengan cara ‘top to bottom’.  Dari regional, IHSG, baru setelah itu saya mencari saham yang kemungkinan akan bergerak.  Itu sebabnya, dalam bagian dimana saya menjelaskan mengenai ‘bagaimana kita membaca pasar’ ini, anda akan menemukan bagaimana kita bisa ‘menterjemahkan’ prediksi kita terhadap pasar (dari Indeks Dow Jones, Hang Seng, hingga IHSG) , menjadi sebuah posisi trading, melalui Teori Gerbong (sector rotation).
4.  Persiapan menghadapi psikologi pasar
Trading itu… teori hanya menentukan 10 persen dari kemenangan.   Yang 90 persen, berasal dari pemahaman kita mengenai psikologi trading.  Ini yang membuat penentuan sudut pandang akan segala permasalahan yang terkait dengan ‘pemenangan trading, memperoleh profit’ sebaiknya lebih terfokus pada masalah pemahaman kita terhadap psikologi trading.  Benarkah begitu? Hehehe…
Well… Psikologi trading itu membuat kita memiliki sudut padang yang benar terhadap ‘pemenangan trading’. Tapi.. psikologi terpenting adalah bagaimana kita bisa disiplin dalam trading, disiplin terhadap rencana trading yang telah kita susun.  Jadi.. saya menyusun bagian ini dari yang terpenting, yaitu disiplin, disiplin dalam positioning dan juga cut loss.  Setelah itu, saya kemudian membahas sudut pandang terhadap macam-macam hal, sebelum akhirnya kembali ke dalam kesimpulan, bahwa ‘menjadi trader itu.. harus disiplin.. dan tidak boleh sombong.
—————–
So…  Setiap orang adalah individu yang berbeda.   Dalam menempuh jalan trading, setiap orang juga akan menempuh jalan yang berbeda, pendekatan yang berbeda. Apa yang saya berikan, atau wakafkan disini… sebenarnya hanya setetes air ditengah samudra yang luas.  Akan tetapi, saya berharap agar hal yang kecil ini, bisa menjadi dasar bagi pemahaman anda terhadap ilmu persahaman, dunia persahaman yang benar-benar ganas ini.
Semoga ilmu ini menjadi bermanfaat untuk anda, dan bisa memberikan barokah kepada saya dan anda juga.  Semoga setiap kerugian bisa menjadi pelajaran bagi kita semua.


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Saham


Saham (stock) merupakan salah satu instrumen pasar keuangan yang paling popular. Menerbitkan saham merupakan salah satu pilihan perusahaan ketika memutuskan untuk pendanaan perusahaan. Pada sisi yang lain, saham merupakan instrument investasi yang banyak dipilih para investor karena saham mampu memberikan tingkat keuntungan yang menarik.

Saham dapat didefinisikan sebagai tanda penyertaan modal seseorang atau pihak (badan usaha) dalam suatu perusahaan atau perseroan terbatas. Dengan menyertakan modal tersebut, maka pihak tersebut memiliki klaim atas pendapatan perusahaan, klaim atas asset perusahaan, dan berhak hadir dalam Rapat Umum Pemegang Saham (RUPS).

Pada dasarnya, ada dua keuntungan yang diperoleh investor dengan membeli atau memiliki saham
1. Dividen

Dividen merupakan pembagian keuntungan yang diberikan perusahaan dan berasal dari keuntungan yang dihasilkan perusahaan. Dividen diberikan setelah mendapat persetujuan dari pemegang saham dalam RUPS. Jika seorang pemodal ingin mendapatkan dividen, maka pemodal tersebut harus memegang saham tersebut dalam kurun waktu yang relatif lama yaitu hingga kepemilikan saham tersebut berada dalam periode dimana diakui sebagai pemegang saham yang berhak mendapatkan dividen.
Dividen yang dibagikan perusahaan dapat berupa dividen tunai – artinya kepada setiap pemegang saham diberikan dividen berupa uang tunai dalam jumlah rupiah tertentu untuk setiap saham - atau dapat pula berupa dividen saham yang berarti kepada setiap pemegang saham diberikan dividen sejumlah saham sehingga jumlah saham yang dimiliki seorang pemodal akan bertambah dengan adanya pembagian dividen saham tersebut.

2. Capital Gain
Capital Gain merupakan selisih antara harga beli dan harga jual. Capital gain terbentuk dengan adanya aktivitas perdagangan saham di pasar sekunder. Misalnya Investor membeli saham ABC dengan harga per saham Rp 3.000 kemudian menjualnya dengan harga Rp 3.500 per saham yang berarti pemodal tersebut mendapatkan capital gain sebesar Rp 500 untuk setiap saham yang dijualnya.
Sebagai instrument investasi, saham memiliki risiko, antara lain:
1. Capital Loss
Merupakan kebalikan dari Capital Gain, yaitu suatu kondisi dimana investor menjual saham lebih rendah dari harga beli. Misalnya saham PT. XYZ yang di beli dengan harga Rp 2.000,- per saham, kemudian harga saham tersebut terus mengalami penurunan hingga mencapai Rp 1.400,- per saham.
Karena takut harga saham tersebut akan terus turun, investor menjual pada harga Rp 1.400,- tersebut sehingga mengalami kerugian sebesar Rp 600,- per saham.

2. Risiko Likuidasi
Perusahaan yang sahamnya dimiliki, dinyatakan bangkrut oleh Pengadilan, atau perusahaan tersebut dibubarkan. Dalam hal ini hak klaim dari pemegang saham mendapat prioritas terakhir setelah seluruh kewajiban perusahaan dapat dilunasi (dari hasil penjualan kekayaan perusahaan). Jika masih terdapat sisa dari hasil penjualan kekayaan perusahaan tersebut, maka sisa tersebut dibagi secara proporsional kepada seluruh pemegang saham.
Namun jika tidak terdapat sisa kekayaan perusahaan, maka pemegang saham tidak akan memperoleh hasil dari likuidasi tersebut. Kondisi ini merupakan risiko yang terberat dari pemegang saham. Untuk itu seorang pemegang saham dituntut untuk secara terus menerus mengikuti perkembangan perusahaan.

Di pasar sekunder atau dalam aktivitas perdagangan saham sehari-hari, harga-harga saham mengalami fluktuasi baik berupa kenaikan maupun penurunan. Pembentukan harga saham terjadi karena adanya permintaan dan penawaran atas saham tersebut. Dengan kata lain harga saham terbentuk oleh supply dan demand atas saham tersebut. Supply dan demand tersebut terjadi karena adanya banyak faktor, baik yang sifatnya spesifik atas saham tersebut (kinerja perusahaan dan industri dimana perusahaan tersebut bergerak) maupun faktor yang sifatnya makro seperti tingkat suku bunga, inflasi, nilai tukar dan faktor-faktor non ekonomi seperti kondisi sosial dan politik, dan faktor lainnya.

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Tuesday, October 21, 2014

ASEAN ECONOMICS COMMUNITY


The ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) shall be the goal of regional economic integration by 2015. AEC envisages the following key characteristics: (a) a single market and production base, (b) a highly competitive economic region, (c) a region of equitable economic development, and (d) a region fully integrated into the global economy.
The AEC areas of cooperation include human resources development and capacity building; recognition of professional qualifications; closer consultation on macroeconomic and financial policies; trade financing measures; enhanced infrastructure and communications connectivity; development of electronic transactions through e-ASEAN; integrating industries across the region to promote regional sourcing; and enhancing private sector involvement for the building of the AEC. In short, the AEC will transform ASEAN into a region with free movement of goods, services, investment, skilled labour, and freer flow of capital.
ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) Blueprint
The ASEAN Leaders adopted the ASEAN Economic Blueprint at the 13th ASEAN Summit on 20 November 2007 in Singapore to serve as a coherent master plan guiding the establishment of the ASEAN Economic Community 2015.

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The Basic of Economics

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The Basic of Economics


By :  Reem Heakal
 
Economists assume that there are a number of different buyers and sellers in the marketplace. This means that we have competition in the market, which allows price to change in response to changes in supply and demand. Furthermore, for almost every product there are substitutes, so if one product becomes too expensive, a buyer can choose a cheaper substitute instead. In a market with many buyers and sellers, both the consumer and the supplier have equal ability to influence price.
In some industries, there are no substitutes and there is no competition. In a market that has only one or few suppliers of a good or service, the producer(s) can control price, meaning that a consumer does not have choice, cannot maximize his or her total utility and has have very little influence over the price of goods.

A monopoly is a market structure in which there is only one producer/seller for a product. In other words, the single business is the industry. Entry into such a market is restricted due to high costs or other impediments, which may be economic, social or political. For instance, a government can create a monopoly over an industry that it wants to control, such as electricity. Another reason for the barriers against entry into a monopolistic industry is that oftentimes, one entity has the exclusive rights to a natural resource. For example, in Saudi Arabia the government has sole control over the oil industry. A monopoly may also form when a company has a copyright or patent that prevents others from entering the market. Pfizer, for instance, had a patent on Viagra.
In an oligopoly, there are only a few firms that make up an industry. This select group of firms has control over the price and, like a monopoly, an oligopoly has high barriers to entry. The products that the oligopolistic firms produce are often nearly identical and, therefore, the companies, which are competing for market share, are interdependent as a result of market forces. Assume, for example, that an economy needs only 100 widgets. Company X produces 50 widgets and its competitor, Company Y, produces the other 50. The prices of the two brands will be interdependent and, therefore, similar. So, if Company X starts selling the widgets at a lower price, it will get a greater market share, thereby forcing Company Y to lower its prices as well.

There are two extreme forms of market structure: monopoly and, its opposite, perfect competition. Perfect competition is characterized by many buyers and sellers, many products that are similar in nature and, as a result, many substitutes. Perfect competition means there are few, if any, barriers to entry for new companies, and prices are determined by supply and demand. Thus, producers in a perfectly competitive market are subject to the prices determined by the market and do not have any leverage. For example, in a perfectly competitive market, should a single firm decide to increase its selling price of a good, the consumers can just turn to the nearest competitor for a better price, causing any firm that increases its prices to lose market share and profits.

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The Basics of Economics


By :  Reem Heakal
 
We have already seen that the focus of economics is to understand the problem of scarcity: the problem of fulfilling the unlimited wants of humankind with limited and/or scarce resources. Because of scarcity, economies need to allocate their resources efficiently. Underlying the laws of demand and supply is the concept of utility, which represents the advantage or fulfillment a person receives from consuming a good or service. Utility, then, explains how individuals and economies aim to gain optimal satisfaction in dealing with scarcity.
Utility is an abstract concept rather than a concrete, observable quantity. The units to which we assign an "amount" of utility, therefore, are arbitrary, representing a relative value. Total utility is the aggregate sum of satisfaction or benefit that an individual gains from consuming a given amount of goods or services in an economy. The amount of a person's total utility corresponds to the person's level of consumption. Usually, the more the person consumes, the larger his or her total utility will be. Marginal utility is the additional satisfaction, or amount of utility, gained from each extra unit of consumption.

Although total utility usually increases as more of a good is consumed, marginal utility usually decreases with each additional increase in the consumption of a good. This decrease demonstrates the law of diminishing marginal utility. Because there is a certain threshold of satisfaction, the consumer will no longer receive the same pleasure from consumption once that threshold is crossed. In other words, total utility will increase at a slower pace as an individual increases the quantity consumed.
Take, for example, a chocolate bar. Let's say that after eating one chocolate bar your sweet tooth has been satisfied. Your marginal utility (and total utility) after eating one chocolate bar will be quite high. But if you eat more chocolate bars, the pleasure of each additional chocolate bar will be less than the pleasure you received from eating the one before - probably because you are starting to feel full or you have had too many sweets for one day.
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This table shows that total utility will increase at a much slower rate as marginal utility diminishes with each additional bar. Notice how the first chocolate bar gives a total utility of 70 but the next three chocolate bars together increase total utility by only 18 additional units.

The law of diminishing marginal utility helps economists understand the law of demand and the negative sloping demand curve. The less of something you have, the more satisfaction you gain from each additional unit you consume; the marginal utility you gain from that product is therefore higher, giving you a higher willingness to pay more for it. Prices are lower at a higher quantity demanded because your additional satisfaction diminishes as you demand more.

In order to determine what a consumer's utility and total utility are, economists turn to consumer demand theory, which studies consumer behavior and satisfaction. Economists assume the consumer is rational and will thus maximize his or her total utility by purchasing a combination of different products rather than more of one particular product. Thus, instead of spending all of your money on three chocolate bars, which has a total utility of 85, you should instead purchase the one chocolate bar, which has a utility of 70, and perhaps a glass of milk, which has a utility of 50. This combination will give you a maximized total utility of 120 but at the same cost as the three chocolate bars.

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The Basic of Economics


By : Reem Heakal
The degree to which a demand or supply curve reacts to a change in price is the curve's elasticity. Elasticity varies among products because some products may be more essential to the consumer. Products that are necessities are more insensitive to price changes because consumers would continue buying these products despite price increases. Conversely, a price increase of a good or service that is considered less of a necessity will deter more consumers because the opportunity cost of buying the product will become too high.

A good or service is considered to be highly elastic if a slight change in price leads to a sharp change in the quantity demanded or supplied. Usually these kinds of products are readily available in the market and a person may not necessarily need them in his or her daily life. On the other hand, an inelastic good or service is one in which changes in price witness only modest changes in the quantity demanded or supplied, if any at all. These goods tend to be things that are more of a necessity to the consumer in his or her daily life.

To determine the elasticity of the supply or demand curves, we can use this simple equation:
Elasticity = (% change in quantity / % change in price)
If elasticity is greater than or equal to one, the curve is considered to be elastic. If it is less than one, the curve is said to be inelastic.

As we mentioned previously, the demand curve is a negative slope, and if there is a large decrease in the quantity demanded with a small increase in price, the demand curve looks flatter, or more horizontal. This flatter curve means that the good or service in question is elastic.
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Meanwhile, inelastic demand is represented with a much more upright curve as quantity changes little with a large movement in price.
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Elasticity of supply works similarly. If a change in price results in a big change in the amount supplied, the supply curve appears flatter and is considered elastic. Elasticity in this case would be greater than or equal to one.
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On the other hand, if a big change in price only results in a minor change in the quantity supplied, the supply curve is steeper and its elasticity would be less than one.
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A. Factors Affecting Demand Elasticity
There are three main factors that influence a demand's price elasticity:
1. The availability of substitutes - This is probably the most important factor influencing the elasticity of a good or service. In general, the more substitutes, the more elastic the demand will be. For example, if the price of a cup of coffee went up by $0.25, consumers could replace their morning caffeine with a cup of tea. This means that coffee is an elastic good because a raise in price will cause a large decrease in demand as consumers start buying more tea instead of coffee.
However, if the price of caffeine were to go up as a whole, we would probably see little change in the consumption of coffee or tea because there are few substitutes for caffeine. Most people are not willing to give up their morning cup of caffeine no matter what the price. We would say, therefore, that caffeine is an inelastic product because of its lack of substitutes. Thus, while a product within an industry is elastic due to the availability of substitutes, the industry itself tends to be inelastic. Usually, unique goods such as diamonds are inelastic because they have few if any substitutes.

2. Amount of income available to spend on the good - This factor affecting demand elasticity refers to the total a person can spend on a particular good or service. Thus, if the price of a can of Coke goes up from $0.50 to $1 and income stays the same, the income that is available to spend on coke, which is $2, is now enough for only two rather than four cans of Coke. In other words, the consumer is forced to reduce his or her demand of Coke. Thus if there is an increase in price and no change in the amount of income available to spend on the good, there will be an elastic reaction in demand; demand will be sensitive to a change in price if there is no change in income.

3. Time - The third influential factor is time. If the price of cigarettes goes up $2 per pack, a smoker with very few available substitutes will most likely continue buying his or her daily cigarettes. This means that tobacco is inelastic because the change in price will not have a significant influence on the quantity demanded. However, if that smoker finds that he or she cannot afford to spend the extra $2 per day and begins to kick the habit over a period of time, the price elasticity of cigarettes for that consumer becomes elastic in the long run.
B. Income Elasticity of Demand
In the second factor outlined above, we saw that if price increases while income stays the same, demand will decrease. It follows, then, that if there is an increase in income, demand tends to increase as well. The degree to which an increase in income will cause an increase in demand is called income elasticity of demand, which can be expressed in the following equation:
economics_formula1.gif
If EDy is greater than one, demand for the item is considered to have a high income elasticity. If however EDy is less than one, demand is considered to be income inelastic. Luxury items usually have higher income elasticity because when people have a higher income, they don't have to forfeit as much to buy these luxury items. Let's look at an example of a luxury good: air travel.

Bob has just received a $10,000 increase in his salary, giving him a total of $80,000 per annum. With this higher purchasing power, he decides that he can now afford air travel twice a year instead of his previous once a year. With the following equation we can calculate income demand elasticity:
economics_formula2.gif
Income elasticity of demand for Bob's air travel is seven - highly elastic.

With some goods and services, we may actually notice a decrease in demand as income increases. These are considered goods and services of inferior quality that will be dropped by a consumer who receives a salary increase. An example may be the increase in the demand of DVDs as opposed to video cassettes, which are generally considered to be of lower quality. Products for which the demand decreases as income increases have an income elasticity of less than zero. Products that witness no change in demand despite a change in income usually have an income elasticity of zero - these goods and services are considered necessities.

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The Basic of Economics


By : Reem Heakal
 
Supply and demand is perhaps one of the most fundamental concepts of economics and it is the backbone of a market economy. Demand refers to how much (quantity) of a product or service is desired by buyers. The quantity demanded is the amount of a product people are willing to buy at a certain price; the relationship between price and quantity demanded is known as the demand relationship. Supply represents how much the market can offer. The quantity supplied refers to the amount of a certain good producers are willing to supply when receiving a certain price. The correlation between price and how much of a good or service is supplied to the market is known as the supply relationship. Price, therefore, is a reflection of supply and demand.

The relationship between demand and supply underlie the forces behind the allocation of resources. In market economy theories, demand and supply theory will allocate resources in the most efficient way possible. How? Let us take a closer look at the law of demand and the law of supply.

A. The Law of Demand
The law of demand states that, if all other factors remain equal, the higher the price of a good, the less people will demand that good. In other words, the higher the price, the lower the quantity demanded. The amount of a good that buyers purchase at a higher price is less because as the price of a good goes up, so does the opportunity cost of buying that good. As a result, people will naturally avoid buying a product that will force them to forgo the consumption of something else they value more. The chart below shows that the curve is a downward slope.
economics3.gif
A, B and C are points on the demand curve. Each point on the curve reflects a direct correlation between quantity demanded (Q) and price (P). So, at point A, the quantity demanded will be Q1 and the price will be P1, and so on. The demand relationship curve illustrates the negative relationship between price and quantity demanded. The higher the price of a good the lower the quantity demanded (A), and the lower the price, the more the good will be in demand (C).

B. The Law of Supply
Like the law of demand, the law of supply demonstrates the quantities that will be sold at a certain price. But unlike the law of demand, the supply relationship shows an upward slope. This means that the higher the price, the higher the quantity supplied. Producers supply more at a higher price because selling a higher quantity at a higher price increases revenue.
economics4.gif
A, B and C are points on the supply curve. Each point on the curve reflects a direct correlation between quantity supplied (Q) and price (P). At point B, the quantity supplied will be Q2 and the price will be P2, and so on. (To learn how economic factors are used in currency trading, read Forex Walkthrough: Economics.)

Time and Supply
Unlike the demand relationship, however, the supply relationship is a factor of time. Time is important to supply because suppliers must, but cannot always, react quickly to a change in demand or price. So it is important to try and determine whether a price change that is caused by demand will be temporary or permanent.

Let's say there's a sudden increase in the demand and price for umbrellas in an unexpected rainy season; suppliers may simply accommodate demand by using their production equipment more intensively. If, however, there is a climate change, and the population will need umbrellas year-round, the change in demand and price will be expected to be long term; suppliers will have to change their equipment and production facilities in order to meet the long-term levels of demand.

C. Supply and Demand Relationship
Now that we know the laws of supply and demand, let's turn to an example to show how supply and demand affect price.

Imagine that a special edition CD of your favorite band is released for $20. Because the record company's previous analysis showed that consumers will not demand CDs at a price higher than $20, only ten CDs were released because the opportunity cost is too high for suppliers to produce more. If, however, the ten CDs are demanded by 20 people, the price will subsequently rise because, according to the demand relationship, as demand increases, so does the price. Consequently, the rise in price should prompt more CDs to be supplied as the supply relationship shows that the higher the price, the higher the quantity supplied.
If, however, there are 30 CDs produced and demand is still at 20, the price will not be pushed up because the supply more than accommodates demand. In fact after the 20 consumers have been satisfied with their CD purchases, the price of the leftover CDs may drop as CD producers attempt to sell the remaining ten CDs. The lower price will then make the CD more available to people who had previously decided that the opportunity cost of buying the CD at $20 was too high.

D. Equilibrium
When supply and demand are equal (i.e. when the supply function and demand function intersect) the economy is said to be at equilibrium. At this point, the allocation of goods is at its most efficient because the amount of goods being supplied is exactly the same as the amount of goods being demanded. Thus, everyone (individuals, firms, or countries) is satisfied with the current economic condition. At the given price, suppliers are selling all the goods that they have produced and consumers are getting all the goods that they are demanding.
economics5.gif
As you can see on the chart, equilibrium occurs at the intersection of the demand and supply curve, which indicates no allocative inefficiency. At this point, the price of the goods will be P* and the quantity will be Q*. These figures are referred to as equilibrium price and quantity.

In the real market place equilibrium can only ever be reached in theory, so the prices of goods and services are constantly changing in relation to fluctuations in demand and supply.

E. Disequilibrium

Disequilibrium occurs whenever the price or quantity is not equal to P* or Q*.

1. Excess Supply
If the price is set too high, excess supply will be created within the economy and there will be allocative inefficiency.
economics6.gif
At price P1 the quantity of goods that the producers wish to supply is indicated by Q2. At P1, however, the quantity that the consumers want to consume is at Q1, a quantity much less than Q2. Because Q2 is greater than Q1, too much is being produced and too little is being consumed. The suppliers are trying to produce more goods, which they hope to sell to increase profits, but those consuming the goods will find the product less attractive and purchase less because the price is too high.

2. Excess Demand
Excess demand is created when price is set below the equilibrium price. Because the price is so low, too many consumers want the good while producers are not making enough of it.
economics7.gif
In this situation, at price P1, the quantity of goods demanded by consumers at this price is Q2. Conversely, the quantity of goods that producers are willing to produce at this price is Q1. Thus, there are too few goods being produced to satisfy the wants (demand) of the consumers. However, as consumers have to compete with one other to buy the good at this price, the demand will push the price up, making suppliers want to supply more and bringing the price closer to its equilibrium.

F. Shifts vs. Movement
For economics, the "movements" and "shifts" in relation to the supply and demand curves represent very different market phenomena:

1. Movements
A movement refers to a change along a curve. On the demand curve, a movement denotes a change in both price and quantity demanded from one point to another on the curve. The movement implies that the demand relationship remains consistent. Therefore, a movement along the demand curve will occur when the price of the good changes and the quantity demanded changes in accordance to the original demand relationship. In other words, a movement occurs when a change in the quantity demanded is caused only by a change in price, and vice versa.
economics8.gif
Like a movement along the demand curve, a movement along the supply curve means that the supply relationship remains consistent. Therefore, a movement along the supply curve will occur when the price of the good changes and the quantity supplied changes in accordance to the original supply relationship. In other words, a movement occurs when a change in quantity supplied is caused only by a change in price, and vice versa.
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2. Shifts
A shift in a demand or supply curve occurs when a good's quantity demanded or supplied changes even though price remains the same. For instance, if the price for a bottle of beer was $2 and the quantity of beer demanded increased from Q1 to Q2, then there would be a shift in the demand for beer. Shifts in the demand curve imply that the original demand relationship has changed, meaning that quantity demand is affected by a factor other than price. A shift in the demand relationship would occur if, for instance, beer suddenly became the only type of alcohol available for consumption.
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Conversely, if the price for a bottle of beer was $2 and the quantity supplied decreased from Q1 to Q2, then there would be a shift in the supply of beer. Like a shift in the demand curve, a shift in the supply curve implies that the original supply curve has changed, meaning that the quantity supplied is effected by a factor other than price. A shift in the supply curve would occur if, for instance, a natural disaster caused a mass shortage of hops; beer manufacturers would be forced to supply less beer for the same price.

 
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The Basic of Economics


By : Reem Heakal
 
A. Production Possibility Frontier (PPF)
Under the field of macroeconomics, the production possibility frontier (PPF) represents the point at which an economy is most efficiently producing its goods and services and, therefore, allocating its resources in the best way possible. If the economy is not producing the quantities indicated by the PPF, resources are being managed inefficiently and the production of society will dwindle. The production possibility frontier shows there are limits to production, so an economy, to achieve efficiency, must decide what combination of goods and services can be produced.

Let's turn to the chart below. Imagine an economy that can produce only wine and cotton. According to the PPF, points A, B and C - all appearing on the curve - represent the most efficient use of resources by the economy. Point X represents an inefficient use of resources, while point Y represents the goals that the economy cannot attain with its present levels of resources.
economics1.gif
As we can see, in order for this economy to produce more wine, it must give up some of the resources it uses to produce cotton (point A). If the economy starts producing more cotton (represented by points B and C), it would have to divert resources from making wine and, consequently, it will produce less wine than it is producing at point A. As the chart shows, by moving production from point A to B, the economy must decrease wine production by a small amount in comparison to the increase in cotton output. However, if the economy moves from point B to C, wine output will be significantly reduced while the increase in cotton will be quite small. Keep in mind that A, B, and C all represent the most efficient allocation of resources for the economy; the nation must decide how to achieve the PPF and which combination to use. If more wine is in demand, the cost of increasing its output is proportional to the cost of decreasing cotton production.

Point X means that the country's resources are not being used efficiently or, more specifically, that the country is not producing enough cotton or wine given the potential of its resources. Point Y, as we mentioned above, represents an output level that is currently unreachable by this economy. However, if there was a change in technology while the level of land, labor and capital remained the same, the time required to pick cotton and grapes would be reduced. Output would increase, and the PPF would be pushed outwards. A new curve, on which Y would appear, would represent the new efficient allocation of resources.
economics2.gif
When the PPF shifts outwards, we know there is growth in an economy. Alternatively, when the PPF shifts inwards it indicates that the economy is shrinking as a result of a decline in its most efficient allocation of resources and optimal production capability. A shrinking economy could be a result of a decrease in supplies or a deficiency in technology.

An economy can be producing on the PPF curve only in theory. In reality, economies constantly struggle to reach an optimal production capacity. And because scarcity forces an economy to forgo one choice for another, the slope of the PPF will always be negative; if production of product A increases then production of product B will have to decrease accordingly.

B. Opportunity Cost
Opportunity cost is the value of what is foregone in order to have something else. This value is unique for each individual. You may, for instance, forgo ice cream in order to have an extra helping of mashed potatoes. For you, the mashed potatoes have a greater value than dessert. But you can always change your mind in the future because there may be some instances when the mashed potatoes are just not as attractive as the ice cream. The opportunity cost of an individual's decisions, therefore, is determined by his or her needs, wants, time and resources (income).
This is important to the PPF because a country will decide how to best allocate its resources according to its opportunity cost. Therefore, the previous wine/cotton example shows that if the country chooses to produce more wine than cotton, the opportunity cost is equivalent to the cost of giving up the required cotton production.

Let's look at another example to demonstrate how opportunity cost ensures that an individual will buy the least expensive of two similar goods when given the choice. For example, assume that an individual has a choice between two telephone services. If he or she were to buy the most expensive service, that individual may have to reduce the number of times he or she goes to the movies each month. Giving up these opportunities to go to the movies may be a cost that is too high for this person, leading him or her to choose the less expensive service.

Remember that opportunity cost is different for each individual and nation. Thus, what is valued more than something else will vary among people and countries when decisions are made about how to allocate resources.

C. Trade, Comparative Advantage and Absolute Advantage

Specialization and Comparative Advantage
An economy can focus on producing all of the goods and services it needs to function, but this may lead to an inefficient allocation of resources and hinder future growth. By using specialization, a country can concentrate on the production of one thing that it can do best, rather than dividing up its resources.

For example, let's look at a hypothetical world that has only two countries (Country A and Country B) and two products (cars and cotton). Each country can make cars and/or cotton. Now suppose that Country A has very little fertile land and an abundance of steel for car production. Country B, on the other hand, has an abundance of fertile land but very little steel. If Country A were to try to produce both cars and cotton, it would need to divide up its resources. Because it requires a lot of effort to produce cotton by irrigating the land, Country A would have to sacrifice producing cars. The opportunity cost of producing both cars and cotton is high for Country A, which will have to give up a lot of capital in order to produce both. Similarly, for Country B, the opportunity cost of producing both products is high because the effort required to produce cars is greater than that of producing cotton.

Each country can produce one of the products more efficiently (at a lower cost) than the other. Country A, which has an abundance of steel, would need to give up more cars than Country B would to produce the same amount of cotton. Country B would need to give up more cotton than Country A to produce the same amount of cars. Therefore, County A has a comparative advantage over Country B in the production of cars, and Country B has a comparative advantage over Country A in the production of cotton.

Now let's say that both countries (A and B) specialize in producing the goods with which they have a comparative advantage. If they trade the goods that they produce for other goods in which they don't have a comparative advantage, both countries will be able to enjoy both products at a lower opportunity cost. Furthermore, each country will be exchanging the best product it can make for another good or service that is the best that the other country can produce. Specialization and trade also works when several different countries are involved. For example, if Country C specializes in the production of corn, it can trade its corn for cars from Country A and cotton from Country B.

Determining how countries exchange goods produced by a comparative advantage ("the best for the best") is the backbone of international trade theory. This method of exchange is considered an optimal allocation of resources, whereby economies, in theory, will no longer be lacking anything that they need. Like opportunity cost, specialization and comparative advantage also apply to the way in which individuals interact within an economy.

Absolute Advantage
Sometimes a country or an individual can produce more than another country, even though countries both have the same amount of inputs. For example, Country A may have a technological advantage that, with the same amount of inputs (arable land, steel, labor), enables the country to manufacture more of both cars and cotton than Country B. A country that can produce more of both goods is said to have an absolute advantage. Better quality resources can give a country an absolute advantage as can a higher level of education and overall technological advancement. It is not possible, however, for a country to have a comparative advantage in everything that it produces, so it will always be able to benefit from trade.

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The Basic of Economics


By : Reem Heakal
 
Economics may appear to be the study of complicated tables and charts, statistics and numbers, but, more specifically, it is the study of what constitutes rational human behavior in the endeavor to fulfill needs and wants.
As an individual, for example, you face the problem of having only limited resources with which to fulfill your wants and needs, as a result, you must make certain choices with your money. You'll probably spend part of your money on rent, electricity and food. Then you might use the rest to go to the movies and/or buy a new pair of jeans. Economists are interested in the choices you make, and inquire into why, for instance, you might choose to spend your money on a new DVD player instead of replacing your old TV. They would want to know whether you would still buy a carton of cigarettes if prices increased by $2 per pack. The underlying essence of economics is trying to understand how both individuals and nations behave in response to certain material constraints. ((To learn how economic factors are used in currency trading, read Forex Walkthrough: Economics.)

We can say, therefore, that economics, often referred to as the "dismal science", is a study of certain aspects of society. Adam Smith (1723 - 1790), the "father of modern economics" and author of the famous book "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations", spawned the discipline of economics by trying to understand why some nations prospered while others lagged behind in poverty. Others after him also explored how a nation's allocation of resources affects its wealth.
To study these things, economics makes the assumption that human beings will aim to fulfill their self-interests. It also assumes that individuals are rational in their efforts to fulfill their unlimited wants and needs. Economics, therefore, is a social science, which examines people behaving according to their self-interests. The definition set out at the turn of the twentieth century by Alfred Marshall, author of "The Principles Of Economics" (1890), reflects the complexity underlying economics: "Thus it is on one side the study of wealth; and on the other, and more important side, a part of the study of man."

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The Basic of Economics

 
By  : Reem Heakal

1. Scarcity
Scarcity, a concept we already implicitly discussed in the introduction to this tutorial, refers to the tension between our limited resources and our unlimited wants and needs. For an individual, resources include time, money and skill. For a country, limited resources include natural resources, capital, labor force and technology.

Because all of our resources are limited in comparison to all of our wants and needs, individuals and nations have to make decisions regarding what goods and services they can buy and which ones they must forgo. For example, if you choose to buy one DVD as opposed to two video tapes, you must give up owning a second movie of inferior technology in exchange for the higher quality of the one DVD. Of course, each individual and nation will have different values, but by having different levels of (scarce) resources, people and nations each form some of these values as a result of the particular scarcities with which they are faced.

So, because of scarcity, people and economies must make decisions over how to allocate their resources. Economics, in turn, aims to study why we make these decisions and how we allocate our resources most efficiently.

2. Macro and Microeconomics
Macro and microeconomics are the two vantage points from which the economy is observed. Macroeconomics looks at the total output of a nation and the way the nation allocates its limited resources of land, labor and capital in an attempt to maximize production levels and promote trade and growth for future generations. After observing the society as a whole, Adam Smith noted that there was an "invisible hand" turning the wheels of the economy: a market force that keeps the economy functioning.
Microeconomics looks into similar issues, but on the level of the individual people and firms within the economy. It tends to be more scientific in its approach, and studies the parts that make up the whole economy. Analyzing certain aspects of human behavior, microeconomics shows us how individuals and firms respond to changes in price and why they demand what they do at particular price levels.

Micro and macroeconomics are intertwined; as economists gain understanding of certain phenomena, they can help nations and individuals make more informed decisions when allocating resources. The systems by which nations allocate their resources can be placed on a spectrum where the command economy is on the one end and the market economy is on the other. The market economy advocates forces within a competitive market, which constitute the "invisible hand", to determine how resources should be allocated. The command economic system relies on the government to decide how the country's resources would best be allocated. In both systems, however, scarcity and unlimited wants force governments and individuals to decide how best to manage resources and allocate them in the most efficient way possible. Nevertheless, there are always limits to what the economy and government can do.

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Beberapa Bank Bersekala Nasional Maupun Internasional yang Beroperasi di Indonesia


  1. Bank BRI Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI) adalah salah satu bank milik pemerintah yang terbesar di Indonesia. Pada awalnya Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI) didirikan di Purwokerto, Jawa Tengah oleh Raden Bei Aria Wirjaatmadja dengan nama De Poerwokertosche Hulp en Spaarbank der Inlandsche Hoofden atau "Bank Bantuan dan Simpanan Milik Kaum Priyayi Purwokerto", suatu lembaga keuangan yang melayani orang-orang berkebangsaan Indonesia (pribumi). Lembaga tersebut berdiri tanggal 16 Desember 1895, yang kemudian dijadikan sebagai hari kelahiran BRI.
    Pada periode setelah kemerdekaan RI, berdasarkan Peraturan Pemerintah No. 1 tahun 1946 Pasal 1 disebutkan bahwa BRI adalah sebagai Bank Pemerintah pertama di Republik Indonesia. Dalam masa perang mempertahankan kemerdekaan pada tahun 1948, kegiatan BRI sempat terhenti untuk sementara waktu dan baru mulai aktif kembali setelah perjanjian Renville pada tahun 1949 dengan berubah nama menjadi Bank Rakyat Indonesia Serikat. Pada waktu itu melalui PERPU No. 41 tahun 1960 dibentuklah Bank Koperasi Tani dan Nelayan (BKTN) yang merupakan peleburan dari BRI, Bank Tani Nelayan dan Nederlandsche Maatschappij (NHM). Kemudian berdasarkan Penetapan Presiden (Penpres) No. 9 tahun 1965, BKTN diintegrasikan ke dalam Bank Indonesia dengan nama Bank Indonesia Urusan Koperasi Tani dan Nelayan.
    Setelah berjalan selama satu bulan, keluar Penpres No. 17 tahun 1965 tentang pembentukan bank tunggal dengan nama Bank Negara Indonesia. Dalam ketentuan baru itu, Bank Indonesia Urusan Koperasi, Tani dan Nelayan (eks BKTN) diintegrasikan dengan nama Bank Negara Indonesia unit II bidang Rural, sedangkan NHM menjadi Bank Negara Indonesia unit II bidang Ekspor Impor (Exim).
    Berdasarkan Undang-Undang No. 14 tahun 1967 tentang Undang-undang Pokok Perbankan dan Undang-undang No. 13 tahun 1968 tentang Undang-undang Bank Sentral, yang intinya mengembalikan fungsi Bank Indonesia sebagai Bank Sentral dan Bank Negara Indonesia Unit II Bidang Rular dan Ekspor Impor dipisahkan masing-masing menjadi dua Bank yaitu Bank Rakyat Indonesia dan Bank Ekspor Impor Indonesia. Selanjutnya berdasarkan Undang-undang No. 21 tahun 1968 menetapkan kembali tugas-tugas pokok BRI sebagai bank umum.
    Sejak 1 Agustus 1992 berdasarkan Undang-Undang Perbankan No. 7 tahun 1992 dan Peraturan Pemerintah RI No. 21 tahun 1992 status BRI berubah menjadi perseroan terbatas. Kepemilikan BRI saat itu masih 100% di tangan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. Pada tahun 2003, Pemerintah Indonesia memutuskan untuk menjual 30% saham bank ini, sehingga menjadi perusahaan publik dengan nama resmi PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Persero) Tbk., yang masih digunakan sampai dengan saat ini.
    http://www.bri.co.id/articles/9
  2. Bank Mandiri                                                                                                                            Bank Mandiri as the largest financial institution in Indonesia, is committed to being attentive, proactive and innovative in delivering the financial solutions to every customer. The Bank offers a broad range of banking products and services to its customers ranging from individuals and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to large corporations and Government entities.
    Bank Mandiri was established and acquired ownership of the share capital of four state-owned banks on October 2, 1998. The four state-owned banks legally merged on July 31, 1999 and Bank Mandiri commenced commercial operations in August 1999. The Bank serves million of customers, which makes it, based on number of customers, one of the largest retail banks in Indonesia.
    Customers also have access to their accounts through the Bank's network of ATMs in Indonesia through arrangements with Indonesia's other state-owned banks via the LINK network. Bank Mandiri has one of the largest foreign exchange networks in Indonesia with five overseas branch offices, one subsidiary and seven remittance offices.
    Bank Mandiri, Singapore Branch is one of the Bank's five overseas branches. Besides Singapore, the Bank also has branches in Cayman Islands, Dili (Timor Leste), Hong Kong, Shanghai; a subsidiary in London and two subsidiaries in Singapore; two remittance offices in Hong Kong and five in Malaysia. The Singapore branch operates under an offshore banking licence granted by the Monetary Authority of Singapore since 31 July 1999. 
    http://www.ptbankmandiri.com.sg/
  3. Bank BNI                                                                                                                          Memasuki pertambahan usianya yang ke-68 tahun, Bank Negara Indonesia telah berkembang menjadi bank yang kokoh dengan pertumbuhan keuangan berkelanjutan dan siap bersaing di industri perbankan yang semakin kompetitif.

    Sebagai bank yang melayani negeri dan menjadi kebanggaan bangsa, Bank Negara Indonesia terus tertantang untuk mewujudkan komitmen dan meraih prestasi agar senantiasa memberikan layanan dan kinerja yang unggul bagi nasabah dan bangsa Indonesia saat ini dan di masa mendatang.

    Dengan “Semangat Mengukir Prestasi”, Bank Negara Indonesia berupaya dan bertekad untuk terus meningkatkan kualitas produk & layanannya serta menciptakan “value” pada setiap hasil karyanya
    Berdiri sejak 1946, BNI yang dahulu dikenal sebagai Bank Negara Indonesia, merupakan bank pertama yang didirikan dan dimiliki oleh Pemerintah Indonesia.

    Bank Negara Indonesia mulai mengedarkan alat pembayaran resmi pertama yang dikeluarkan Pemerintah Indonesia, yakni ORI atau Oeang Republik Indonesia,     pada malam menjelang tanggal 30 Oktober 1946, hanya beberapa bulan sejak pembentukannya. Hingga kini, tanggal tersebut diperingati sebagai Hari Keuangan Nasional, sementara hari pendiriannya yang jatuh pada tanggal 5 Juli ditetapkan sebagai Hari Bank Nasional.

    Menyusul penunjukan De Javsche Bank yang merupakan warisan dari Pemerintah Belanda sebagai Bank Sentral pada tahun 1949, Pemerintah membatasi peranan Bank Negara Indonesia sebagai bank sirkulasi atau bank sentral. Bank Negara Indonesia lalu ditetapkan sebagai bank pembangunan, dan kemudian diberikan hak untuk bertindak sebagai bank devisa, dengan akses langsung untuk transaksi luar negeri.

    Sehubungan dengan penambahan modal pada tahun 1955, status Bank Negara Indonesia diubah menjadi bank komersial milik pemerintah. Perubahan ini melandasi pelayanan yang lebih baik dan tuas bagi sektor usaha nasional.

    Sejalan dengan keputusan penggunaan tahun pendirian sebagai bagian dari identitas perusahaan, nama Bank Negara Indonesia 1946 resmi digunakan mulai akhir tahun 1968. Perubahan ini menjadikan Bank Negara Indonesia lebih dikenal sebagai 'BNI 46'. Penggunaan nama panggilan yang lebih mudah diingat - 'Bank BNI' - ditetapkan bersamaan dengan perubahaan identitas perusahaan tahun 1988.

    Tahun 1992, status hukum dan nama BNI berubah menjadi PT Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero), sementara keputusan untuk menjadi perusahaan publik diwujudkan melalui penawaran saham perdana di pasar modal pada tahun 1996.

          Kemampuan BNI untuk beradaptasi terhadap perubahan dan kemajuan lingkungan, sosial-budaya serta teknologi dicerminkan melalui penyempurnaan identitas perusahaan yang berkelanjutan dari masa ke masa. Hal ini juga menegaskan dedikasi dan komitmen BNI terhadap perbaikan kualitas kinerja secara terus-menerus.

    Pada tahun 2004, identitas perusahaan yang diperbaharui mulai digunakan untuk menggambarkan prospek masa depan yang lebih baik, setelah keberhasilan mengarungi masa-masa yang sulit. Sebutan 'Bank BNI' dipersingkat menjadi 'BNI', sedangkan tahun pendirian - '46' - digunakan dalam logo perusahaan untuk meneguhkan kebanggaan sebagai bank nasional pertama yang lahir pada era Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia.

    Pada akhir tahun 2012, Pemerintah Republik Indonesia memegang 60% saham BNI, sementara sisanya 40% dimiliki oleh pemegang saham publik baik individu maupun institusi, domestik dan asing.

    Saat ini, BNI adalah bank terbesar ke-4 di Indonesia berdasarkan total aset, total kredit maupun total dana pihak ketiga. BNI menawarkan layanan jasa keuangan terpadu kepada nasabah, didukung oleh perusahaan anak: Bank BNI Syariah, BNI Multi Finance, BNI Securities dan BNI Life Insurance.

    Di akhir tahun 2013, jumlah aset yang dimiliki BNI tercatat sebesar Rp386,7 triliun dan jumlah karyawan sebanyak 26.100 orang. Jaringan layanan BNI tersebar di seluruh Indonesia melalui ke-1.693 outlet domestik dan di luar negeri melalui cabang-cabang di New York, London, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Singapura dan Osaka. Jaringan ATM BNI saat ini tercatat sebanyak 11.163 unit ATM milik sendiri. Layanan BNI juga tersedia melalui 42.000 EDC, Internet Banking, dan SMS Banking.

    Berangkat dari semangat perjuangan yang berakar pada sejarahnya, BNI bertekad untuk memberikan pelayanan yang terbaik bagi negeri, serta senantiasa menjadi kebanggaan negara.
    http://www.bni.co.id/id-id/tentangkami/sejarah.aspx 
  4. Bank CIMB                                                                                                                               Bank CIMB Niaga berdiri pada tanggal 26 September 1955 dengan nama Bank Niaga. Pada dekade awal berdirinya, fokus utama adalah pada membangun nilai-nilai inti dan profesionalisme di bidang perbankan. Sebagai hasilnya, Bank Niaga dikenal luas sebagai penyedia produk dan layanan berkualitas yang terpercaya. Di tahun 1987, Bank Niaga membedakan dirinya dari para pesaingnya di pasar domestic dengan menjadi Bank yang pertama menawarkan nasabahnya layanan perbankan melalui mesin ATM di Indonesia. Pencapaian ini dikenal luas sebagai masuknya Indonesia ke dunia perbankan modern. Kepemimpinan Bank dalam penerapan teknologi terkini semakin dikenal di tahun 1991 dengan menjadi yang pertama memberikan nasabahnya layanan perbankan online.

    Bank Niaga menjadi perusahaan terbuka di Bursa Efek Jakarta dan Bursa Efek Surabaya (kini Bursa Efek Indonesia/BEI) pada tahun 1989. Keputusan untuk menjadi perusahaan terbuka merupakan tonggak bersejarah bagi Bank dengan meningkatkan akses pendanaan yang lebih luas. Langkah ini menjadi katalis bagi pengembangan jaringan Bank di seluruh pelosok negeri.

    Pemerintah Republik Indonesia selama beberapa waktu pernah menjadi pemegang saham mayoritas Bank CIMB Niaga saat terjadinya krisis keuangan di akhir tahun 1990-an. Pada bulan November 2002, Commerce Asset-Holding Berhad (CAHB), kini dikenal luas sebagai CIMB Group Holdings Berhad (CIMB Group Holdings), mengakuisisi saham mayoritas Bank Niaga dari Badan Penyehatan Perbankan Nasional (BPPN). Di bulan Agustus 2007 seluruh kepemilikan saham berpindah tangan ke CIMB Group sebagai bagian dari reorganisasi internal untuk mengkonsolidasi kegiatan seluruh anak perusahaan CIMB Group dengan platform universal banking.

    Dalam transaksi terpisah, Khazanah yang merupakan pemilik saham mayoritas CIMB Group Holdings mengakuisisi kepemilikan mayoritas LippoBank pada tanggal 30 September 2005. Seluruh kepemilikan saham ini berpindah tangan menjadi milik CIMB Group pada tanggal 28 Oktober 2008 sebagai bagian dari reorganisasi internal yang sama.

    Sebagai pemilik saham pengendali dari Bank Niaga (melalui CIMB Group) dan LippoBank, sejak tahun 2007 Khazanah memandang penggabungan (merger) sebagai suatu upaya yang harus ditempuh agar dapat mematuhi kebijakan Single Presence Policy (SPP) yang telah ditetapkan oleh Bank Indonesia. Penggabungan ini merupakan merger pertama di Indonesia terkait dengan kebijakan SPP. Pada bulan Mei 2008, nama Bank Niaga berubah menjadi Bank CIMB Niaga. Kesepakatan Rencana Penggabungan Bank CIMB Niaga dan LippoBank telah ditandatangani pada bulan Juni 2008, yang dilanjutkan dengan Permohonan Persetujuan Rencana Penggabungan dari Bank Indonesia dan penerbitan Pemberitahuan Surat Persetujuan Penggabungan oleh Kementerian Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia di bulan Oktober 2008. LippoBank secara resmi bergabung ke dalam Bank CIMB Niaga pada tanggal 1 November 2008 (Legal Day 1 atau LD1) yang diikuti dengan pengenalan logo baru kepada masyarakat luas.

    Bergabungnya LippoBank ke dalam Bank CIMB Niaga merupakan sebuah lompatan besar di sektor perbankan Asia Tenggara. Bank CIMB Niaga kini menawarkan nasabahnya layanan perbankan yang komprehensif di Indonesia dengan menggabungkan kekuatan di bidang perbankan ritel, UKM dan korporat dan juga layanan transaksi pembayaran. Penggabungan ini menjadikan Bank CIMB Niaga menjadi bank terbesar ke-5 dari sisi aset, pendanaan, kredit dan luasnya jaringan cabang. Dengan komitmennya pada integritas, ketekunan untuk menempatkan perhatian utama kepada nasabah dan semangat untuk terus unggul, Bank CIMB Niaga akan terus memanfaatkan seluruh daya yang dimilikinya untuk menciptakan sinergi dari penggabungan ini. Keseluruhannya merupakan nilai-nilai inti Bank CIMB Niaga dan merupakan kewajiban yang harus dipenuhi bagi masa depan yang sangat menjanjikan.  http://www.cimbniaga.com/index.php?ch=gen_about&pg=gen_about_us&ac=2
  5. Bank Muamalat
    PT Bank Muamalat Indonesia Tbk didirikan pada 24 Rabius Tsani 1412 H atau 1 Nopember 1991, diprakarsai oleh Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI) dan Pemerintah Indonesia, dan memulai kegiatan operasinya pada 27 Syawwal 1412 H atau 1 Mei 1992. Dengan dukungan nyata dari eksponen Ikatan Cendekiawan Muslim se-Indonesia (ICMI) dan beberapa pengusaha Muslim, pendirian Bank Muamalat juga menerima dukungan masyarakat, terbukti dari komitmen pembelian saham Perseroan senilai Rp 84 miliar pada saat penandatanganan akta pendirian Perseroan. Selanjutnya, pada acara silaturahmi peringatan pendirian tersebut di Istana Bogor, diperoleh tambahan komitmen dari masyarakat Jawa Barat yang turut menanam modal senilai Rp 106 miliar.
    Pada tanggal 27 Oktober 1994, hanya dua tahun setelah didirikan, Bank Muamalat berhasil menyandang predikat sebagai Bank Devisa. Pengakuan ini semakin memperkokoh posisi Perseroan sebagai bank syariah pertama dan terkemuka di Indonesia dengan beragam jasa maupun produk yang terus dikembangkan.
     
    Pada akhir tahun 90an, Indonesia dilanda krisis moneter yang memporakporandakan sebagian besar perekonomian Asia Tenggara. Sektor perbankan nasional tergulung oleh kredit macet di segmen korporasi. Bank Muamalat pun terimbas dampak krisis. Di tahun 1998, rasio pembiayaan macet (NPF) mencapai lebih dari 60%. Perseroan mencatat rugi sebesar Rp 105 miliar. Ekuitas mencapai titik terendah, yaitu Rp 39,3 miliar, kurang dari sepertiga modal setor awal.
     
    Dalam upaya memperkuat permodalannya, Bank Muamalat mencari pemodal yang potensial, dan ditanggapi secara positif oleh Islamic Development Bank (IDB) yang berkedudukan di Jeddah, Arab Saudi. Pada RUPS tanggal 21 Juni 1999 IDB secara resmi menjadi salah satu pemegang saham Bank Muamalat. Oleh karenanya, kurun waktu antara tahun 1999 dan 2002 merupakan masa-masa yang penuh tantangan sekaligus keberhasilan bagi Bank Muamalat. Dalam kurun waktu tersebut, Bank Muamalat berhasil membalikkan kondisi dari rugi menjadi laba berkat upaya dan dedikasi setiap Kru Muamalat, ditunjang oleh kepemimpinan yang kuat, strategi pengembangan usaha yang tepat, serta ketaatan terhadap pelaksanaan perbankan syariah secara murni.
     
    Melalui masa-masa sulit ini, Bank Muamalat berhasil bangkit dari keterpurukan. Diawali dari pengangkatan kepengurusan baru dimana seluruh anggota Direksi diangkat dari dalam tubuh Muamalat, Bank Muamalat kemudian menggelar rencana kerja lima tahun dengan penekanan pada (i) tidak mengandalkan setoran modal tambahan dari para pemegang saham, (ii) tidak melakukan PHK satu pun terhadap sumber daya insani yang ada, dan dalam hal pemangkasan biaya, tidak memotong hak Kru Muamalat sedikitpun, (iii) pemulihan kepercayaan dan rasa percaya diri Kru Muamalat menjadi prioritas utama di tahun pertama kepengurusan Direksi baru, (iv) peletakan landasan usaha baru dengan menegakkan disiplin kerja Muamalat menjadi agenda utama di tahun kedua, dan (v) pembangunan tonggak-tonggak usaha dengan menciptakan serta menumbuhkan peluang usaha menjadi sasaran Bank Muamalat pada tahun ketiga dan seterusnya, yang akhirnya membawa Bank kita, dengan rahmat Allah Rabbul Izzati, ke era pertumbuhan baru memasuki tahun 2004 dan seterusnya.
     
    Saat ini Bank Mumalat memberikan layanan bagi lebih dari 2,5 juta nasabah melalui 275 gerai yang tersebar di 33 provinsi di Indonesia. Jaringan BMI didukung pula oleh aliansi melalui lebih dari 4000 Kantor Pos Online/SOPP di seluruh Indonesia, 32.000 ATM, serta 95.000 merchant debet. BMI saat ini juga merupakan satu-satunya bank syariah yang telah membuka cabang luar negeri, yaitu di Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Untuk meningkatkan aksesibilitas nasabah di Malaysia, kerjasama dijalankan dengan jaringan Malaysia Electronic Payment System (MEPS) sehingga layanan BMI dapat diakses di lebih dari 2000 ATM di Malaysia. Sebagai Bank Pertama Murni Syariah, bank muamalat berkomitmen untuk menghadirkan layanan perbankan yang tidak hanya comply terhadap syariah, namun juga kompetitif dan aksesibel bagi masyarakat hingga pelosok nusantara. Komitmen tersebut diapresiasi oleh pemerintah, media massa, lembaga nasional dan internasional serta masyarakat luas melalui lebih dari 70 award bergengsi yang diterima oleh BMI dalam 5 tahun Terakhir. Penghargaan yang diterima antara lain sebagai Best Islamic Bank in Indonesia 2009 oleh Islamic Finance News (Kuala Lumpur), sebagai Best Islamic Financial Institution in Indonesia 2009 oleh Global Finance (New York) serta sebagai The Best Islamic Finance House in Indonesia 2009 oleh Alpha South East Asia (Hong Kong).
    http://www.bankmuamalat.co.id/tentang/profil-muamalat
  6. Bank BCA
    Indonesia Investments was founded in 2011 by Van der Schaar Investments B.V. in Delft, the Netherlands. Van der Schaar Investments (VDSI) is a privately held investment and development company (Ltd.) established in 2009 but stands in a tradition that goes back to the early 20th century. In recent years VDSI has widened its horizon to Indonesia, Southeast Asia's largest economy and - in our opinion - one of the most promising economies for the foreseeable future. As such, VDSI has started to monitor the country's economy, acquired expertise through assembling a group of Indonesia experts and built networks with the Indonesian government and businesses; hence Indonesia Investments was established.
    The current ongoing economic shift from West to East has generated significant and increasing interest for giant emerging economies such as China and India. Not far behind these two giant economies, Indonesia - a country we label as 'sleeping giant' - has fully recovered from the Asian Financial Crisis that emerged in the late 1990s and has been showing continuous robust macroeconomic growth for almost a decade; growth that is forecast to continue at an even higher pace if certain conditions are met. However, based on our experience we feel that three matters are at issue:

    • Indonesia's economic potential still seems to be relatively unknown to most foreign investors
    • The difficulty of doing business in Indonesia due to the country's complex business environment
    • A seemingly lack of understanding regarding the country's social, cultural and religious dynamics
    Therefore, we see a role for Indonesia Investments in - not only investing directly - but also in functioning as a bridge between Indonesia and the West through the provision of accurate, thorough and objective information regarding the current state of the Indonesian economy and society as a whole (written by academically trained Indonesia experts) and by functioning as a link between foreign investors and our network in Indonesia (which includes business associations, governmental institutions and private enterprises). Lastly, and in line with our philosophy, we feel that economic development should contribute to welfare and prosperity for all segments of the population. This value will be given continuous consideration. http://www.indonesia-investments.com/about-us/who-we-are/item113
  7. Bank Kosipah, Bank Keliling, Tukang Kredit
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